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BEAM robotics

The mechanisms and principles
The basic principles of BEAM focus on a stimulus-response capacity to function within a machine. The underlying mechanism was invented by Mark W. Tilden, where the circuit (or a net of Nv neurons NV) is used to simulate the behavior of neurons biological. Some similar research was previously done by Ed Rietman in 'Experiments In Artificial Neural Networks. "Tilden circuit is often compared to a shift register, but with several important features which makes it a useful circuit in a mobile robot.
Other rules that are included (and applied to varying degrees):
Use the smallest possible number of electronic elements ("keep it simple")
Recycle and reuse technoscrap
Using radiant energy (like solar)
There are a large number of robots BEAM designed to use solar power from small solar panels to power a "Solar Engine" creating autonomous robots that can operate under a wide range of lighting conditions. Besides the layer simplistic calculation of Tilden "Nervous Networks", BEAM has made a multitude of tools useful for robotics toolbox. The Solar Engine "circuit, many H-bridge circuits for controlling small motors, sensor models tactile, and meso-scale (palm) construction techniques have been documented and shared robot by the BEAM community.
Robots BEAM
Being based on reaction-based "behavior (as originally inspired by the work of Rod Brooks), BEAM robotics tries to replicate the features and behavior of natural organisms, with the ultimate objective of the domestication of these "wild" robots. BEAM robotics also promotes the value of aesthetics in the design of the device, which proves the adage "form follows function."
Disputes behalf
Many people have different ideas about what it really means to BEAM. The most widely accepted meaning is the biology, electronics, aesthetics and mechanics.
This term appeared with Mark Tilden during a debate at the Science Centre in Ontario in 1990. Mark has been posting a selection of robots collectors home where he had built while working at the University of Waterloo.
However, there are many other semi-popular names use, including:
Biotechnology Morphology analogy Ethology
Modular construction Anarchy Evolution
Microcontrollers
Unlike many other types of robots controlled by microcontrollers, BEAM robots are built on the principle of the use of several behaviors directly related to simple sensor systems with little signal conditioning. This design philosophy is strongly reflected in the classic book "Vehicles: The experiences of Synthetic Psychology. Through a series of thought experiments, this book explores the evolution of behavior complex robot with simple connections between muting sensors and actuators excitory. Microcontrollers and programming are generally not part of a traditional (aka, "pure") BEAM robot because of the very philosophy of designing low-level hardware-centric.
There are models Robot mating success of both technologies. These hybrids "to satisfy a requirement requiring robust control systems with the flexibility of the dynamic programming, as the "horse-and-rider" topology BEAMbots (ed., The 3 ScoutWalker is a robot). The body of the physical robot (the "horse") is controlled by an array of traditional technologies, and the microcontroller and programming influences (and if necessary, subsumes) the body of the robot runner "position". The pilot component is not necessary for the robot to operate, but without it, the robot loses the important influence of a brain "intelligent" he says what to do.
Types
There are several "-trope" BEAMbots, trying to achieve a specific objective. In the series, the phototropic are most prevalent, such as light, the research would be most beneficial behavior for a robot to solar energy.
Audiotropes react to sound sources.
Audiophiles go to the sound sources.
Audiophobes from sound sources.
Photochromic (Light-seeker ") react to light sources.
Acala (also Photovore) go to the light sources.
Photophobic go away from light sources.
Radiotropes respond to radio frequency sources.
Radiophiles go to the RF sources.
Radiophobia from RF sources.
Thermotropic response to heat.
Thermophilic go to sources of heat.
Thermophobia from sources of heat.
General
BEAMbots have a variety of movements and mechanisms positioning. These include:
Care: immobility of robots with a passive physical object.
Tags: Send a signal (usually a blip of navigation) BEAMbots others to use.
Pummerer: display a "light".
Decorations: A catch-all name for sitters who are not tagged or Pummerer.
Squirmers: robots that each perform a fixed interest (most often a kind of moving limbs or appendages).
Magbots: Using magnetic fields of their mode of animation.
Flagwavers: Move one screen (or "flag") around a certain frequency.
Toilets: Pivot and follow certain phenomena detectable as a light (These are popular in the BEAM community. They can be autonomous robots, but they are more often incorporated into a larger robot.).
Vibrators: Use a small pager motor with an eccentric weight to shake.
Sliders: Robots that move body parts sliding smoothly over a surface while remaining in contact with her.
Snake: Move using a movement horizontal wave.
Earthworms: Move using a longitudinal wave motion.
Crawlers: Robots that move using tracks or riding the body of the robot with a sort of appendix. The body of the robot is not dragged along the ground.
Turbot: roll their whole body by using their arms (S) or flagella.
Inchworm: transferring part of their body forward, while the rest of the chassis is on the ground.
Tracked robots: using wheel tracks, like a tank.
Riders: robots that propel themselves off the ground as a means of locomotion.
VIBROBOT: Produce an irregular shaking motion moving around an area.
Springbots: Moving forward by bouncing in a particular direction.
Rollers: The robots move by rolling all or part of their body.
Symetis: Driven by using a single motor with its shaft touching the ground, and moves in different directions depending on the number of contact points symmetric around the shaft are in contact with the ground.
Solarrollers: cars, solar use a single motor driving one or more wheels, often designed to complete a fairly short, straight and level course in the shortest period of time.
Poppers: Use two engines with separate motors solar differential rely on sensors to achieve a goal.
Miniball: shift their center of mass, which causes their spherical body rolling.
Walkers: Robots that move using legs differential contact with the ground.
Motor Driven: Use of engines move the legs (usually three or fewer engines).
Muscle Wire Driven: Using Nitinol (nickel – titanium alloy) actuators for their son's leg.
Swimmers: Robots that move on or beneath the surface of a liquid (usually water).
Boatbots: operate on the surface of a liquid.
Subbota: Activities under the surface of a liquid.
Fliers: Robots that move in the air for extended periods.
Helicopters: use a rotor fed to provide both levitation and propulsion.
Aircraft: Use fixed or flapping wings to generate lift.
Airships: the use of a neutral carrier-balloon for lift.
Climbers: Robot that moves up or down on a vertical surface, usually on a track like a rope or wire.
Applications and current progress
Currently, autonomous robots have seen limited commercial application, with few exceptions, the vacuum cleaner iRobot Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner and some robots mowing the lawn. The main practical application of the beam was in the prototyping fast motion systems and hobby / education applications. Mark Tilden BEAM successfully used for prototyping of products for Wow Wee Robotics as evidenced by the "proto-Robosapien" BIODroid "BIOBug and Roboraptor. Solarbotics Ltd., Bug'n'Bots, JCM inVentures Inc., and also PagerMotors.com introduced a hobby BEAM-related and educational goods on the market. Vex has also developed Hexbugs, tiny robots BEAM.
Budding BEAM robotics often have problems with the lack of direct control over the "pure" beam control circuitry. There are projects underway to evaluate the technical Biomorphic that copy natural systems because they seem to have incredible performance advantage over traditional techniques. There are many examples of how tiny insects whose brains are capable of much better than the performance of advanced microelectronic products.
Another obstacle to the widespread BEAM technology is perceived the random nature of the "nervous system", which requires new techniques to be learned by the manufacturer to succeed to diagnose and manipulate the characteristics of the circuit. A think-tank scholars international meet annually in Telluride, Colorado, to settle this question directly, and until recently, Mark Tilden has been part of this effort (he had to withdraw because of his new trade commitments with Wow-Wee toys).
Having no long-term memory, BEAM robots are generally not learn from past behavior. But there has been some work in the community to solve this problem BEAM. One of BEAM robots are more advanced in this vein is Hider Bruce Robinson, who has an impressive degree the ability of a microprocessor design less.
Publications
Patents
U.S. Patent 613,809 – Method and apparatus for controlling movement mechanism or vehicles – Tesla "telautomaton" patent first logic gate.
U.S. Patent 5325031 – Adaptive robotic nervous system and control circuits therefor – Patent Tilden, A self-stabilizing circuit control circuit using pulse delay for the control of members of a robot limbed, and a robot incorporating such a circuit; artificial "neurons".
Books and documents
Conrad, James M., and Jonathan W. Mills, "Stiquito: advanced experiments with a simple and inexpensive robot, "the future of nitinol-propelled walking robots, Mark W. Tilden. Los Alamitos, California, IEEE Computer Society Press, c1998. LCCN 96029883 ISBN 0-8186-7408-3
Tilden, W. Mark and Brosl Hasslacher, "living machines". Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
Laboratory Tilden, W. Mark and Brosl Hasslacher, "The design of living machines" Biomech "How low can you go?". Los Alamos, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
However, Susan, and Mark W. Tilden, "Controller of crawling machine. ETH Zurich, Institute of Neuroinformatics, and Biophysics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Braitenberg, Valentino, "Vehicles: Experiments Psychology synthesis ", 1984. ISBN 0-262-52112-1
Rietman, Ed, 'Experiments In Artificial Neural Networks ", 1988. ISBN 0-8306-0237-2
Tilden, W. Mark and Brosl Hasslacher, "robotics and autonomous machines: Biology and Technology Intelligent Autonomous Agents", Paper ID LANL: LA-UR-94-2636 Spring 1995.
Dewdney, AK "Photovore: intelligent robots are built from scrap. Scientific American in September 1992, V267, N3, p42 (1)
Smit Michael C. and Mark Tilden, Beam Robotics. "Algorithm, Vol. 2, No. 2, March 1991, Pg 15-19.
Hrynkiw, David, and Tilden, W. Mark, "Junkbots, Bugbots, and bots on wheels ", 2002. ISBN 0-07-222601-3 (support website Book)
See also
People
Mark Tilden, a robotics physicist.
Hasslacher Brosl: a theoretical physicist.
William Grey Walter: neurophysiologist and robotics.
Robotics
Wired Intelligence: a robot that has no programmed microprocessor and has analog electronics between its sensors and motors which gives apparently intelligent actions.
Behavior-based robotics: the branch of robotics that does not use an internal model of the environment.
emergent behavior: the process of formation of complex structures from simpler rules.
BEAMbot types
Analog robot: a robot that uses analog circuits to move toward a single objective
Photovore: a robot who seeks the light and uses it to power itself.
SolarRoll a robot dragster managed by sunlight.
Turtle (robot): the first forms of turtlebot have been the beginning of work BEAM
Stiquito: a robot designed as an amateur nitinol powered Hexapod Walker
Other
Protoscience list: list of new area of scientific activity in the settlement process.
Elements
Nv Network: Nv neurons connected in a loop.
Monocore: This term can mean that neurons specifically NV that is a simple oscillator. More generally, however, It is used to describe the connection of a pair of bicores.
Bicores: NETWORK NV loop topology with two neurons Nv. It is the earth and suspended bicores bicores.
Tricore: NETWORK NV loop topology with three neurons Nv.
Microcores: implementation of a closed-loop nerve fiber responsible for controlling actuator Direct. Any network Nv greater than or equal to four, but especially any multiple digital cores prefix (such as a Quadcore, Quincore, Hexcore, Septcore, Octacore, etc.)
References cited
^ BEAM community
^ The ScoutWalker 3
^ "BIODroid" gallery Prototype of Robosapien
^ Neuromorphic Engineering Institute (INE)
Bruce Robinson's Hider ^
References
Solarbotics, the server BEAM robotics – Numerous resources, but not updated since 2003.
BEAM Robotics Wiki
"Robots". PiTronics (xs4all.nl), October 9, 2004.
Van Zoelen, AA, "The MicroCore." BEAM Robotics.
Boerema Jr., L. Clifford, "Workshop Droidmakr.
Robinson, Bruce N., "Hitler". Robinson Robots 2005.
Walke, Kevin, Mark Tilden Interview. Exhibit Research, March 2000.
Fang, Chiu-Yuan, BEAM robotics. 1999. (Historic Site)
TomboT.net
D. Mancini, "BeamItaly" – Robots and community (IT), 1998.
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